The Development History of Reserve Battery
In ancient times, humans may have been constantly researching and testing things like electricity. A clay bottle believed to have a history of thousands of years was discovered near Baghdad, Iraq in 1932. It has an iron bar inserted into a copper cylinder - possibly used to store static electricity, but the secret of the bottle may never be revealed.
Regardless of whether the ancestors who made this clay bottle knew about static electricity, it is certain that the ancient Greeks absolutely knew. They know that if they rub a piece of amber, they can attract light objects. Aristotle was also aware of the existence of magnets, which are minerals with strong magnetic properties that attract iron and metals.
One day in 1780, Italian anatomist Giovanni was dissecting a frog when he accidentally touched the frog's thigh with different metal instruments in both hands. The frog's leg muscles immediately twitched, as if stimulated by an electric current, and only one metal instrument was used to touch the frog, but there was no such reaction. Gavanni believed that this phenomenon occurred due to a type of electricity generated within the animal body, which he referred to as "bioelectricity". Giovanni wrote a paper on the results of this experiment in 1791 and published it in the academic community.
The discovery of Gavanni aroused great interest among physicists, who competed to replicate Gavanni's experiments in an attempt to find a way to generate electricity. Italian physicist Volta believed after multiple experiments that Gavanni's theory of "bioelectricity" was not correct. The reason why frog muscles could generate electricity was probably due to a certain liquid in the muscles working. To demonstrate his point, Volt conducted experiments by immersing two different metal plates in various solutions. It was found that as long as one of these two metal sheets undergoes a chemical reaction with the solution, an electric current can be generated between the metal sheets.
In 1799, Volt immersed a zinc plate and a silver plate in salt water and discovered that there was an electric current flowing through the wire connecting the two metals. So, he placed many sheets of zinc and silver between them with a cloth or paper soaked in salt water and stacked them flat. When touching both ends with your hands, you will feel strong electrical stimulation. Volt successfully produced the world's first battery, the 'Volt stack', using this method. This "volt stack" is actually a series of battery packs. It became the source of electricity for early electrical experiments and telegraph machines.
Italian physicist Volta repeated Gavanni's experiment multiple times. As a physicist, his main focus is on the two metals, not the nerves of the frog. For the frog leg twitching phenomenon discovered by Giovanni, he thought it might be related to electricity, but he believed that there was no electricity in the muscles and nerves of frogs. He speculated that the flow of electricity might be generated by the contact between two different metals, regardless of whether the metal came into contact with active or dead animals. The experiment proved that as long as a hard paper, linen, leather, or other sponge-like object soaked in salt water or alkaline water (or even as long as it is wet) is placed between two types of metal sheets (which he believes is necessary for the success of the experiment), and metal wires are used to connect the two metal sheets, there will be an electric current passing through whether there are frog muscles or not. This shows that electricity is not generated from frog tissues, and the role of frog legs is just like a very sensitive Electroscope.
In 1836, Daniel of England improved the "Voltaic pile". He used dilute sulfuric acid as the electrolyte to solve the polarization problem of the battery and created the first non-polarized zinc-copper battery, also known as the "Daniel battery", which can maintain a balanced current. Since then, "Bunsen cell" and "Grove battery" with better Depolarization effects have successively come out. However, these batteries all have the problem of voltage decreasing with prolonged use.
In 1860, France's Prante invented a battery using lead as the electrode. The unique feature of this type of battery is that when the battery is used for a period of time to reduce the voltage, it can be energized with reverse current, causing the battery voltage to rise. Because this type of battery can be charged and reused, it is called a battery.
However, regardless of the type of battery, the liquid needs to be filled between two metal plates, making it inconvenient to handle, especially since the liquid used in the battery is sulfuric acid, which can be dangerous when moved.
Also in 1860, George Leclanche of France also invented the predecessor of the widely used battery (Zinc–carbon battery). Its negative pole is an alloy rod of zinc and mercury (the negative pole of the zinc volt prototype battery has proved to be one of the best metals as the negative pole material), while its positive pole is a porous cup containing a mixture of crushed Manganese dioxide and carbon.
A carbon rod is inserted into this mixture as a current collector. The negative rod and positive cup are both immersed in ammonium chloride solution as the electrolyte. This system is called a "wet battery". The battery made by Lakelands was simple but cheap, so it was not until 1880 that it was replaced by an improved "Dry cell". The negative electrode is modified into a zinc tank (i.e. the shell of the battery), and the electrolyte becomes paste rather than liquid. Basically, this is the Zinc–carbon battery.
In 1887, an Englishman named Hellerson invented the earliest Dry cell. The electrolyte of the Dry cell is paste, which will not leak and is easy to carry, so it is widely used.
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